Prevalência de tabagismo e morbimortalidade por câncer de pulmão nos estados brasileiros / Smoking prevalence and lung cancer morbimortality in Brazilian states / Prevalencia del tabaquismo y morbimortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en los estados brasileños

Introdução: O câncer de pulmão é uma doença grave, sendo a segunda maior causa de morte em todo o mundo, entretanto, em alguns países desenvolvidos, tornou-se já a primeira causa de morte. Cerca de 90% dos casos de neoplasia pulmonares são causados pela inalação da fumaça do cigarro. Objetivo: Correlacionar a prevalência de tabagismo e morbimortalidade por câncer de pulmão nos estados brasileiros, além de demonstrar a associação destes com sexo e faixa etária. Métodos: Estudo de caráter ecológico acerca da prevalência de tabagismo e morbimortalidade por câncer de pulmão nos estados brasileiros, nos períodos de 2013 e 2019, dividida por sexo e faixa etária. Foram utilizados bancos de coleta de dados como o Tabnet e Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Resultados: As maiores taxas de mortalidade e internações hospitalares foram do público masculino, em 2013, com taxa de 2,7 e 10, respectivamente, e em 2019 com 3,3 e 11,9, respectivamente. Ademais, a maior prevalência de tabagismo foi encontrada nos homens; entretanto seu índice tem caído, enquanto a quantidade de mulheres tabagistas tem aumentado. A Região Sul demonstrou maiores números de mortalidade em ambos os períodos estudados, com taxas de 4,9 e 5,8 por 100 mil habitantes, e morbidade hospitalar com 19,9 e 23,5 por 100 mil habitantes. Já a Região Norte se configurou com as menores prevalências: em 2013 apresentou taxa de óbito por câncer de pulmão de 1,0 e morbidade hospitalar de 3,5/100 mil habitantes, em 2019 apresentou taxa de mortalidade de 4,6 e internações de 1,6/100 mil habitantes. Os coeficientes de correlação de morbidade hospitalar e prevalência de tabagismo foram R2=0,0628, r=0,251 e p=0,042, enquanto os de mortalidade e prevalência de tabagismo foram R2=0,0337, r=0,183 e p=0,140. Conclusões: Na presente pesquisa, pode-se inferir que houve associação positiva na comparação entre taxa de morbidade hospitalar e prevalência de tabagismo; em contrapartida, não foi possível observar associação positiva na correlação da taxa de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão e prevalência de tabagismo.

Introduction: Lung cancer is a serious disease, being the second leading cause of death worldwide. Moreover, in some developed countries, it has already become the leading cause of death. About 90% of lung cancer cases are caused by cigarette smoking. Objective: To correlate the prevalence of smoking and lung cancer morbidity and mortality in Brazilian states, and to demonstrate their association with sex and age group as well. Methods: An ecological study on the prevalence of smoking and lung cancer morbidity and mortality in Brazilian states between 2013 and 2019, divided by sex and age group. The data collection databases Tabnet and National Health Survey were used. Results: The highest rates of mortality and hospital admissions were among men, in 2013 with a rate of 2.7 and 10, respectively, and in 2019 with 3.3 and 11.9, respectively. In addition, the highest prevalence of smoking was found in men, but this rate has fallen, while the number of women smokers has increased. The South region showed higher mortality rates in both periods studied, with rates of 4.9 and 5.8 per 100,000 inhabitants, and hospital morbidity with 19.9 and 23.5 per 100,000 inhabitants. The North region had the lowest prevalence, where in 2013, it had a death rate from lung cancer of 1.0 and hospital morbidity of 3.5/100 thousand inhabitants, and where in 2019, it had a mortality rate of 4.6 and hospitalizations of 1.6/100 thousand inhabitants. The correlation coefficients for hospital morbidity and smoking prevalence were R2=0.0628, r=0.251 and p=0.042, while for mortality and smoking prevalence, these were R2=0.0337, r=0.183 and p=0.140. Conclusions: In the present study, it can be inferred that there was a positive association between hospital morbidity rate and prevalence of smoking, while it was not possible to observe a correlation between lung cancer mortality rate and prevalence of smoking.

Introducción: El cáncer de pulmón es una enfermedad grave, siendo la segunda causa de muerte en todo el mundo, sin embargo, en algunos países desarrollados, ya se ha convertido en la primera causa de muerte. Alrededor del 90% de los casos de neoplasias pulmonares están causados por la inhalación del humo del cigarrillo. Objetivo: Correlacionar la prevalencia de tabaquismo y la morbimortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en los estados brasileños, además de demostrar la asociación de estos con el género y el grupo de edad. Métodos: estudio ecológico sobre la prevalencia de tabaquismo y morbimortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en los estados brasileños, dentro de los períodos 2013 y 2019, divididos por sexo y grupo de edad. Se utilizaron bancos de recogida de datos como Tabnet y la Encuesta Nacional de Salud. Resultados: las mayores tasas de mortalidad e ingresos hospitalarios se dieron en el público masculino, en 2013 con una tasa de 2,7 y 10, respectivamente, y en 2019 con 3,3 y 11,9, respectivamente. Además, la mayor prevalencia del tabaquismo se encontró en los hombres, sin embargo, su tasa ha disminuido, mientras que la cantidad de mujeres fumadoras ha aumentado. La región Sur presentó cifras más altas de mortalidad en ambos periodos estudiados, con tasas de 4,9 y 5,8 por 100.000 habitantes, y de morbilidad hospitalaria con 19,9 y 23,5 por 100.000 habitantes. Mientras que la región Norte se configuró con las prevalencias más bajas, en 2013 presentó una tasa de mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón de 1,0 y una morbilidad hospitalaria de 3,5/100.000 habitantes, en 2019 presentó una tasa de mortalidad de 4,6 y hospitalizaciones de 1,6/100.000 habitantes. Los coeficientes de correlación para la morbilidad hospitalaria y la prevalencia del tabaquismo fueron R2=0,0628, r=0,251 y p=0,042, mientras que para la mortalidad y la prevalencia del tabaquismo fueron R2=0,0337, r=0,183 y p=0,140. Conclusiones: En la presente investigación se puede inferir que existe una asociación positiva en la comparación entre la tasa de morbilidad hospitalaria y la prevalencia de tabagismo, en contrapartida, no fue posible observar una asociación positiva en la correlación de la tasa de mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón y la prevalencia de tabagismo.

Análise longitudinal dos parâmetros ventilatórios e escore SOFA de pacientes com COVID-19 hospitalizados em uma UTI no Sul do Brasil / Longitudinal analysis of ventilatory parameters and SOFA score of patients with COVID-19 hospitalised in an ICU in southern Brazil

Introdução: embora o Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seja mais conhecido por causar patologias respiratórias substanciais, o vírus também pode resultar em várias manifestações extrapulmonares, sobretudo nas alas de cuidados intensivos. Frente a essas implicações multissistêmicas, a monitoração do suporte ventilatório e utilização do escore Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) foram fundamentais no manejo do paciente crítico com COVID-19 nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs) durante a pandemia. Objetivo: esse estudo pretende analisar os parâmetros ventilatórios e escore SOFA de pacientes com COVID-19 numa UTI no sul do Brasil e as principais complicações ocasionadas. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo que analisou prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de COVID-19 na UTI do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, no estado de Santa Catarina, entre março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: foram incluídos 448 pacientes, com média de idade de 58,5 (±15,1) anos, mediana de internação de 15 (9-24) dias e média de ventilação mecânica de 15 (±8,7) dias, evoluindo para óbito 63,3%. Durante a internação, 86,4% das pessoas sofreram complicações, dentre as mais prevalentes Insuficiência Renal Aguda (46,8%) seguida por Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação (41,9%) e Choque séptico (22%). Na evolução clínica, o escore SOFA e a relação da pressão parcial de oxigênio pela fração de oxigênio inspirado (PaO2/FiO2) foram fatores de desfecho desfavorável nas três semanas de internação, com SOFA ≥ 5 e relação PaO2/FiO2 < 200. Além disso, 3 dos 6 componentes do SOFA (renal, respiratório e coagulação) tiveram relação com a ocorrência de complicações. Conclusão: o escore SOFA e a relação PaO2/FiO2 tiveram relação no prognóstico de pacientes com COVID-19 durante as três semanas de internação na UTI. Além disso, o SOFA se mostrou um possível indicador de complicações intra-hospitalares durante a evolução clínica.

Introduction: although Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is best known for causing significant respiratory pathologies, the virus can also result in various extrapulmonary manifestations, particularly in intensive care wards. Faced with these multisystem implications, monitoring ventilatory support and using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were fundamental in managing critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) during the pandemic. Objective: this study will analyse the ventilatory parameters and SOFA score of patients with COVID-19 in an ICU in southern Brazil and the main complications caused. Methodology: a retrospective cohort study was carried out that analysed medical records of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the ICU of Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, in the state of Santa Catarina, between March 2020 and December 2021. Results: 448 patients were included, with a mean age of 58.5 (±15.1) years, a median hospital stay of 15 (9-24) days, and mean mechanical ventilation of 15 (±8.7) days, with 63.3% dying. During hospitalisation, 86.4% of people suffered complications, among the most prevalent Acute Renal Failure (46.8%), followed by Ventilation Associated Pneumonia (41.9%) and Septic Shock (22%). In the clinical evolution, the SOFA score and the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) were factors of unfavourable outcome in the three weeks of hospitalisation, with SOFA ≥ 5 and PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 200. In addition, three of the six components of the SOFA (renal, respiratory and coagulation) were related to the occurrence of complications. Conclusion: the SOFA score and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio were related to the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 during the three weeks of ICU stay. Furthermore, the SOFA proved to be a possible indicator of in-hospital complications during clinical evolution.

Análise do modelo logístico aplicado à primeira onda da Covid-19 nos países com os 20 maiores PIB'S / Analysis of the logistic model applied to the first wave of Covid-19 in countries with the 20 largest GDP'S

Objetivo: aplicar a modelagem logística da primeira onda da COVID-19, com índice nos países com 20 maiores Produto Interno Bruto (PIB). Métodos: foi utilizada a modelagem matemática de crescimento logístico, considerando os seguintes parâmetros: número cumulativo de casos (C), tamanho final da epidemia na onda única de um surto (K), taxa intrínseca de crescimento (y) e tempo de inflexão (τ). Resultados: o Brasil apresentou maior número de casos e mortalidade, e os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) maior número de casos absolutos. A Coreia do Sul evidenciou o menor ponto de inflexão de 15,3 dias, enquanto o maior foi da Indonésia, com 213,9 dias. Na análise entre o ponto de inflexão e casos acumulados (/100 mil habitantes), observou-se correlação positiva moderada significativa (r=0,629 e p=0,003); (r=0,532 e p=0,016). Conclusão: o reconhecimento do comportamento de uma epidemia por meio da modelagem matemática torna possível determinar a propagação de uma epidemia, visto que, com a possibilidade de captar a dinâmica de uma epidemia, torna-se possível prever a necessidade de medidas públicas antecipadas e, consequentemente, diminuição da mortalidade global.

Objective: to apply logistic modeling of the first wave of COVID-19 in countries with the 20 highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Methods: logistic growth mathematical modeling was used, considering the following parameters: cumulative number of cases (C), the final size of the epidemic in the single wave of an outbreak (K), intrinsic growth rate (y), and inflection time (τ). Results: Brazil showed the highest number of cases and mortality, and the United States of America (USA) had the highest number of absolute cases. South Korea showed the lowest inflection point of 15.3 days, while the highest infection point was Indonesia, with 213.9 days. In the analysis between the inflection point and cumulative cases (/100,000 population), a moderate significant positive correlation was observed (r=0.629 and p=0.003); (r=0.532 and p=0.016). Conclusion: the recognition of the behavior of an epidemic through mathematical modeling makes it possible to determine the spread of an epidemic, since, with the possibility of capturing the dynamics of an epidemic, it becomes possible to predict the need for anticipated public measures and, consequently, decrease in overall mortality.

Need for oxygen therapy and ventilatory support in premature infants in a hospital in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Prematurity in newborns is a condition that is associated with worse hospital outcomes when compared to birth to term. A preterm infant (PI) is classified when gestational age (GA) < 37 wk. AIM: To analyze prognostic indicators related to the use of oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation (continuous positive airway pressure) and mechanical ventilation (MV) in PI. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort. The sample was composed of PIs from a private hospital in southern Brazil. We included neonates with GA < 37 wk of gestation in the period of January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. For data collection, electronic records were used in the Tasy PhilipsTM system, identifying the variables: maternal age, type of birth, prenatal information, GA, Apgar score, birth weight, neonatal morbidities, vital signs in the 1st hour at birth, need for oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure and MV, hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit, length of stay and discharge or death. RESULTS: In total, 90 PI records were analyzed. The median (p25-p75) of GA was 34.0 (31.9-35.4) wk, and there were 45 (50%) males. The most common morbidity among PIs was the acute respiratory discomfort syndrome, requiring hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit in 76 (84.4%) cases. The utilization rate of oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure and MV was 12 (13.3%), 37 (41.1%) and 13 (14.4%), respectively. The median (p25-p75) length of stay was 12.0 (5.0-22.2) d, with 10 (11.1%) deaths. A statistical association was observed with the use of MV and GA < 28 wk, lower maternal age, low birth weight, Apgar < 8 and neonatal deaths. CONCLUSION: The identification of factors related to the need for MV in prematurity may help in the indication of a qualified team and technologies to promptly meet the unforeseen events that may occur after birth.

Level of Physical Activity Knowledge of Medical Students in a Brazilian University.

Background: Physical inactivity is a major global public health problem, with a large impact on morbidity and mortality. For this reason, knowledge and advice on physical activity (PA) should be common to all health professionals. In this context, the role of physicians stands out, because they act in the first contact and have a high potential in addressing this issue and its impact on health promotion, prevention, and treatment in chronic diseases. This study aims to observe the level of physical activity knowledge of medical students in a university in the south of Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out by applying the short and validated version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to collect data on sociodemographic factors, physical activity, knowledge of physical activity, and level of physical activity. Results: A total of 294 students were assessed. The average (± SD) age was 22.0 (± 3.3) years. Most were women, and 72.8% presented body mass index within the range 18.5-25 kg/m2. Results showed that 65.6% of the students practice physical activity. There was statistical difference regarding the level of physical activity (p < 0.001) and sitting time on weekdays (p = 0.031) between the groups of physically active and physically inactive individuals. Conclusion: It was concluded that the practice of physical activity has no association with the level of knowledge about it. However, by practicing physical activities doctors are better able to motivate and encourage their patients.

Acute coronary syndrome in a hospital in southern Brazil: peak of hospitalizations on Mondays and severe cases on weekends and at night.

INTRODUCTION: Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide. The term acute coronary syndrome (ACS) generically represents the acute myocardial ischemic events. These events are clinically divided into three types: acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with ST-segment elevation, AMI without ST-segment elevation, and unstable angina. Although cardiovascular ischemic events occur acutely, studies describe cyclic patterns of ACS, mainly on circadian and weekly variation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the circadian and weekly variation of hospitalizations for ACS in a hospital in southern Brazil in 2019. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional type study. The population was the patients hospitalized at the Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital (NSCH) in Tubarão (SC, Brazil) with the international classification of diseases (ICD) code referring to ACS in the year 2019, corresponding to 579 patients. RESULTS: After applying the exclusion criteria, 512 patients hospitalized for ACS were analyzed, 55.1% were male with a median (p25-p75) age of 62.0 (56.0-69.0) years. The main ICDs of hospitalization were: I20.0 (76.2%), I21.9 (16.6%), I21.3 (3.1%) and the most prevalent comorbidities were high blood pressure (82.6%), diabetes (30.1%) and previous AMI (23.6%). The median (p25-p75) time of admission was 14 h (10-18) h and length of stay was 5 (3-9) days. Death occurred in 18 hospitalizations (3.5%) of cases. CONCLUSION: We conclude that in the present study there was a peak of hospitalizations for ACS on Mondays, proportionally reducing throughout the week and with a significant decrease on the weekend.

Effect of seasonality in hospitalizations and deaths from acute myocardial infarction in southern Brazil from 2009 to 2018.

INTRODUCTION: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide. Seasonality and climate change seem to be associated with hospitalization for AMI. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the effect that seasonality and temperature have on the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to AMI, stratified by gender and age group, from 2009 to 2018 in a region of southern Brazil. METHODS: An Ecological study, composed of cases of hospitalizations and deaths by AMI in the Association of Municipalities of the Laguna Region (AMUREL), SC, Brazil. Data on AMI were collected by the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) and data on average monthly temperature (degrees Celsius) of the Laguna region (SC, Brazil) were provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET). The data analysis was performed through linear regression and ANOVA test with Tukey post-hoc. RESULTS: 2947 hospitalizations were analyzed. The monthly average hospitalization per AMI was 24.6±8.1 cases (7.0±2.2/100,000 inhabitants) with a lethality of 14.4±6.8%. The results showed that there is no difference in AMI hospitalization between the months of the year, but showed a significant negative correlation between temperature and AMI hospitalizations (r=-0.219; P=0.022; ß=-0.165). It was also shown that men and elderly had more cases of AMI hospitalization, but women and elderly had more lethality. When the lethality rate was analyzed during the study period, there was a significant negative correlation, indicating the reduction of AMI deaths with time. CONCLUSION: There was an association between temperature reduction and AMI hospitalization, where each 6°C reduction in temperature was related to an increase of 1 hospitalization per AMI/100,000 inhabitants. It is hoped that the results may assist in the formulation of public environmental policies for the prevention of risk factors for AMI.

Epidemiological profile of chest trauma and predictive factors for length of hospital stay in a hospital in Southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Thoracic trauma is one of the most common types, corresponding to 10% of the traumas admitted in emergency services. OBJECTIVE: To analyse epidemiologic aspects of patients diagnosed with chest trauma in a hospital at the south of Brazil and its predictive factor for prolonged length of stay. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort involving patients who were victims of chest trauma. They were described by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) from S20 to S29 admited in a regional hospital in Southern Brazil, from January 2008 to December 2018. The analysed variables were: sex, age, ICD, type of trauma, complication, need for intensive care unit (ICU), mechanical ventilation (MV) and oxygen therapy (O2), scores on Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Thoracic Trauma Severity Score (TTSS) and outcomes length of stay and death. RESULTS: 121 patients were evaluated, with median age 47.0 (35-0-58.5) years, where 84.3% being of them were male. Blunt trauma had a higher prevalence with 85.1%, with the most frequent complication being spine fractures (30.4%), followed by rib fractures (23.2%) and pneumothorax (16.8%). There was need of ICU in 14%, use of O2 in 30.6% and need of MV in 5.8%. The median length of stay was 6.0 (4.0-10.5), and death as an outcome was found in only 1.7%. Relying on the TTSS, the median (p25-p75) found was 3.0 (2.0-5.0) points and the ISS score was 4.0 (0.0-9.0). If observing patients with a length of stay ≥ 6 days, there were an association with the female gender, need of ICU, O2 and MV, ISS scores, and TTSS scores in the categories who involved pleural commitment and minor PaO2/FiO2. CONCLUSION: Most of the victims were male young adults with low mortality. The TTSS and ISS were found to be adequate predictors of prolonged length of stay.

Simulação computacional do covid19 por meio do modelo SEIR: efeito do isolamento social / Computational simulation of covid19 through the SEIR model: effect of social isolation

Objetivos: Simular a evolução da epidemia do COVID19 em uma população hipotética utilizando o modelo SEIR. Métodos: realizou-se uma simulação computacional por meio do modelo SEIR considerando 4 cenários: o isolamento social (Ro=1,5), sem medidas de isolamento (Ro=2,5), aglomeração social (Ro=3,5) e isolamento social durante 90 dias (Ro=1,5) e após sem medidas de isolamento (Ro=2,5). As simulações foram realizadas em um período de 240 dias. Resultados: cenário 1 apresenta 4,57% de infectados; cenário 2 obteve-se 15,4% de infectados; cenário 3 representa 22,9% de infectados; cenário 4, nos primeiros 90 dias obteve-se 4,11% de infectados e após 90 dias, aumentou para 10,71% de infectados. Conclusão: o isolamento social é uma ferramenta imprescindível para o combate a pandemia, não só por diminuir o pico de infectados, como também para achatar a curva de infecções ao longo do tempo.

Comparação entre fatores sociodemográficos e ocupacionais com sintomas respiratórios e pico de fluxo expiratório em trabalhadores de uma indústria de cerâmica do Sul do Brasil / Comparison between socio-demographic and occupational factors with respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow in workers of a ceramic industry in Southern Brazil

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência dos sintomas respiratórios ocupacionais, pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) e fatores associados em trabalhadores de uma indústria de cerâmica do sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal. Foram avaliados trabalhadores de uma indústria de cerâmica do Sul do Brasil. Como instrumentos de pesquisa, foram aplicados questionários relacionados a aspectos ocupacionais, sintomas respiratórios, hábitos tabágicos e medida do PFE. As variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais foram comparadas com os sintomas respiratórios e PFE. Resultados: foram avaliados 151 trabalhadores, sendo, predominantemente, do sexo masculino (87,4%), com média (±DP) de idade de 30,4 (±8,4) anos e histórico de tabagismo em 23,8% dos participantes. Entre os sintomas respiratórios, 23% relataram tosse diária e noturna e dispneia, 21% confirmaram escarro durante o dia/noite, e apenas 7% referiram chiado ou sibilos. O PFE abaixo de 80% do previsto foi encontrado em 37,1% dos trabalhadores, com média (±DP) de 84(±16,7)%. Ao comparar os fatores ocupacionais com os desfechos, foi observado que o menor tempo de trabalho esteve relacionado à maior prevalência de tosse (p=0,024). Conclusão: os sintomas respiratórios mais prevalentes foram a tosse e a dispneia, seguidos por escarro e sibilância. Aproximadamente, 1/3 dos trabalhadores demonstraram PFE<80%. Contudo, a relação inversa entre tempo de trabalho e sintomas merece maior investigação.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of occupational respiratory symptoms, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and associated factors in workers from a ceramic industry in southern Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Workers from a ceramic industry in southern Brazil were evaluated. The research instruments were questionnaires related to occupational aspects, respiratory symptoms, smoking habits, and PEF measurements. Sociodemographic and occupational variables were compared with respiratory symptoms and PEF. Results: We evaluated 151 workers, predominantly male (87.4%), with a mean (±DP) age of 30.4 (±8.4) years and a history of smoking in 23.8% of participants. Among the respiratory symptoms, 23% reported daily and nocturnal cough and dyspnea, 21% confirmed sputum during the day / night, and only 7% reported wheezing. PEF below 80% of predicted was found in 37.1% of workers, with a mean (± DP) of 84 (± 16.7) %. When comparing the occupational factors with outcomes, it was observed that the shorter working time was related to higher cough prevalence (p=0.024). Conclusion: The most prevalent respiratory symptoms were coughing and dyspnea, followed by sputum and wheezing. Approximately 1/3 of workers showed PEF <80%. However, the inverse relationship between working time and symptoms merits further investigation.

Comparison of the ankle-brachial index with parameters of stiffness and peripheral arterial resistance assessed by photoplethysmography in elderly patients.

BACKGROUND: The ankle-brachial index (ABI) uses the ratio between systolic blood pressures at the ankle and the arm to diagnose peripheral arterial disease (PAD) noninvasively. Photoplethysmography (PPG) measures and records changes to the blood volume in the human body using optical techniques. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare ABI with arterial stiffness and peripheral resistance parameters assessed using PPG in elderly patients and to propose a model for prediction of ABI. METHODS: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted. The sample comprised elderly patients seen at a medical specialties clinic at the Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Brazil. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, smoking, and physical activity were recorded. The variables obtained using PPG and ABI were compared using bivariate and multivariate linear regression, with an α error of 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 93 elderly patients were assessed, 63.4% of whom were women. In 98.9% of cases, ABI was within normal limits. Comparison of ABI with variables acquired by PPG revealed significant associations with age. However, no significant associations were observed between ABI and PPG. The multivariate model indicated that only age, sex, and smoking were associated with ABI. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, ABI and PPG exhibited associations with arterial aging, considering its correlation with age. However, ABI was only related to age, sex, and smoking. More studies are needed to evaluate the potential uses of PPG for screening for vascular diseases in ambulatory settings.

Fatores de risco modificáveis na sobrevida de pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise / Modifiable risk factors in the survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis

Introdução: a doença renal crônica (DRC) é definida pela presença de alterações renais, por um período maior que três meses. Mesmo com a terapia de hemodiálise para substituir a função renal, há uma redução importante na sobrevida desses pacientes. Objetivo: avaliar o impacto dos fatores de risco modificáveis na sobrevida de pacientes renais crônicos. Método: coorte prospectiva realizada na Clínica Doenças Renais localizada em Tubarão-SC. Foram coletados idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal (IMC), tabagismo, tempo de hemodiálise, causa DRC, taxa de filtração glomerular, força de preensão manual e nível de atividade física. Após 20 meses de acompanhamento, foi analisado o efeito dessas variáveis na mortalidade. Resultados: foram avaliados 122 pacientes, sendo 74 (60,7%) homens com média de idade de 59,4 ± 14,0 anos e IMC médio 24,3 ± 5,0 kg/m2. Durante o período de acompanhamento foram contabilizados 73 (59,8%) sobreviventes, 31 (25,4%) óbitos, 12 (9,8%) transplantes e 6 (4,9%) transferências. Na comparação dos grupos não óbito e óbito, foi observada diferença estatística apenas na presença de tabagismo com risco relativo de 5,975 (IC 95% 2,146­16,663; p=0,001). Conclusão: o tabagismo está diretamente relacionado à mortalidade em indivíduos com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise.(AU)

Introduction: tChronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the presence of renal changes over a period of more than three months. Even with hemodialysis therapy to replace renal function, there is a significant reduction in the survival of these patients. Objective: To evaluate the impact of modifiable risk factors on the survival of chronic renal patients at the Hemodialysis Clinic in Tubarão / SC. Method: Prospective cohort performed at the Clinical Kidney Disease located in Tubarão-SC. The data collected were age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, hemodialysis time, CKD cause, glomerular filtration rate, manual grip strength, and physical activity level. After 20 months of follow-up, the effect of these variables on mortality was analyzed. Results: 122 patients were evaluated, of which 74 (60.7%) were men with mean age of 59.4 ± 14.0 years and mean BMI 24.3 ± 5.0 kg / m2. During the follow-up period, were counted 73 (59.8%) as survivors, 31 (25.4%) deaths, 12 (9.8%) transplants and 6 (4.9%) transfers. In the comparison of the non-death and death groups, a statistical difference was observed only in the presence of smoking with a relative risk of 5.975 (95% CI, 2.146-16.663) p = 0.001. Conclusion: Smoking is directly related to mortality in chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.(AU)

Comparação do índice tornozelo-braquial com parâmetros de rigidez e resistência arterial periférica avaliados por fotopletismografia em idosos / Comparison of the ankle-brachial index with parameters of stiffness and peripheral arterial resistance assessed by photoplethysmography in elderly patients

O índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) utiliza a razão entre a pressão arterial sistólica do tornozelo e do braço para diagnosticar de forma não invasiva a doença arterial periférica (DAP). A fotopletismografia (photoplethysmography, PPG) faz a medição e o registro das modificações de volume sanguíneo do corpo humano por meio de técnicas ópticas. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o ITB com parâmetros de rigidez arterial e resistência periférica avaliados pela PPG em idosos e propor um modelo de predição para o ITB. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo transversal quantitativo. A amostra foi composta por idosos atendidos no ambulatório médico de especialidades da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL). Foram verificados: idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal (IMC), presença de comorbidades, tabagismo e atividade física. Para comparação das variáveis obtidas com a PPG com o ITB, foi realizada regressão linear bivariada e multivariada, considerando erro α = 0,05. Resultados Foram avaliados 93 idosos, sendo 63,4% mulheres. Em 98,9% dos casos, o ITB apresentou-se dentro da normalidade. Na comparação do ITB e variáveis derivadas da PPG em relação à idade, foram demonstradas associações significativas. Contudo, não foram observadas associações significativas entre ITB e PPG. O modelo multivariado indicou que apenas idade, sexo e tabagismo foram associados ao ITB. Conclusões Como conclusão, o ITB e a PPG demonstraram associação com o envelhecimento arterial, tendo em vista sua correlação com a idade; contudo, o ITB foi relacionado apenas com idade, sexo e tabagismo. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar o potencial uso da PPG como rastreio de doenças vasculares em rotinas ambulatórias

The ankle-brachial index (ABI) uses the ratio between systolic blood pressures at the ankle and the arm to diagnose peripheral arterial disease (PAD) noninvasively. Photoplethysmography (PPG) measures and records changes to the blood volume in the human body using optical techniques. Objectives The objective of this study was to compare ABI with arterial stiffness and peripheral resistance parameters assessed using PPG in elderly patients and to propose a model for prediction of ABI. Methods A cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted. The sample comprised elderly patients seen at a medical specialties clinic at the Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Brazil. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, smoking, and physical activity were recorded. The variables obtained using PPG and ABI were compared using bivariate and multivariate linear regression, with an α error of 0.05. Results A total of 93 elderly patients were assessed, 63.4% of whom were women. In 98.9% of cases, ABI was within normal limits. Comparison of ABI with variables acquired by PPG revealed significant associations with age. However, no significant associations were observed between ABI and PPG. The multivariate model indicated that only age, sex, and smoking were associated with ABI. Conclusions In conclusion, ABI and PPG exhibited associations with arterial aging, considering its correlation with age. However, ABI was only related to age, sex, and smoking. More studies are needed to evaluate the potential uses of PPG for screening for vascular diseases in ambulatory settings

Efeito do estilo de vida e comorbidades nas internações por doenças do aparelho circulatório / Effect of lifestyle and comorbidities in hospitalizations by diseases of the circulatory system / Efecto del estilo de vida y comorbilidad en las internaciones por enfermedades del aparato circulatório

Objetivo: determinar a relação entre o estilo de vida, presença de hipertensão, diabetes e dislipidemia com a taxa de internação hospitalar (IH) por doenças do aparelho circulatório (DC) nos estados brasileiros. Método: foi realizado um estudo de caráter ecológico utilizando a base de dados DATASUS referente ao estilo de vida e comorbidades nos estados brasileiros. Os dados foram analisados por meio de regressão linear bivariada e multivariada, tendo como desfecho a IH por DC. Resultados: a prevalência de IH média mensal no Brasil foi de 43,9/100.000 habitantes, com maior índice no Paraná com 67,4/100.000 habitantes enquanto a menor foi no Amazonas, apresentando 17,6/100.000 habitantes. Na análise por correlação bivariada com à IH por DC foram os observados os seguintes valores: % Insuficientemente ativos (r=0,224, p=0,252), % Consumo regular doces...(AU)

Objective: to determine the relationship between lifestyle, presence of high blood pressure, diabetes and dyslipidemia with hospital admission rate (HA) due to diseases of the circulatory system (CD) in brazilian states. Method: an ecological study was conducted using the DATASUS database on lifestyle and comorbidities in the brazilian states. The data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate linear regression, with HA by CD Results: the prevalence of monthly HA in Brazil was 43.9/100,000 inhabitants, with a higher index in Paraná with 67.4/100,000 inhabitants while the lowest was in Amazonas, presenting 17.6/100,000 inhabitants. In the analysis by bivariate correlation with HA by CD, the following values were observed% insufficiently active (r = 0.224, p = 0.252), % sweet regular consumption…(AU)

Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el estilo de vida, presencia de hipertensión, diabetes y dislipidemia con la tasa de internación hospitalaria (IH) por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio (DC) en los estados brasileños . Método: se realizó un estudio de carácter ecológico utilizando la base de datos DATASUS referente al estilo de vida y comorbilidades en los estados brasileños. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de regresión lineal bivariada y multivariada, teniendo como resultado la IH por DC. Resultados: la prevalencia de IH media mensual en Brasil fue de 43,9/100.000 habitantes, con mayor índice en Paraná con 67,4/100.000 habitantes mientras que la menor fue en el Amazonas, presentando 17,6/100.000 habitantes. En el análisis por correlación bivariada con la IH por DC se observaron los siguientes valores: % insuficientemente activos (IA) (r=0,224, p=0,252), % consumo regular dulces…(AU)

Association between the Alvarado score and surgical and histopathological findings in acute appendicitis. / Associação entre o escore de Alvarado, achados cirúrgicos e aspecto histopatológico da apendicite aguda.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the results of the Alvarado score with the surgical findings and the results of the histopathological examination of the appendix of patients operated on for acute appendicitis. METHODS: we conducted an observational study with a cross-sectional design of 101 patients aged 14 years and over undergoing emergency appendectomy. The evaluation comprised the Alvarado score, gender, age, ethnicity and time of evolution. We obtained data regarding the surgical aspect of the appendix, postoperative complications and the result of the histopathological examination. The pre-established confidence interval was 95%. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the score, and performed an analysis through the ROC curve. RESULTS: we found a statistically significant (p=0.002) association between the Alvarado score and the diagnostic confirmation using a cutoff score of six or greater, with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 87.5%. A score greater than or equal to six showed a greater tendency to present more advanced stages of acute appendicitis in both surgical and histopathological findings when compared with a score lower than six. Males presented greater chances of complications when compared with females (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: the Alvarado score proved to be a good method for diagnostic screening in acute appendicitis, since scores greater than or equal to six are associated with a higher probability of diagnostic confirmation and more advanced stages of the acute disease.

OBJETIVO: comparar o resultado do escore de Alvarado com os achados cirúrgicos e com os resultados do exame histopatológico do apêndice de pacientes operados por apendicite aguda. MÉTODOS: estudo observacional com delineamento transversal de 101 pacientes com 14 anos de idade ou mais, submetidos à apendicectomia de urgência. A avaliação continha o escore de Alvarado, pontuação no escore, sexo, idade, etnia dos pacientes e tempo de evolução. Foi obtido o aspecto cirúrgico do apêndice, dados a respeito das complicações pós-operatórias e o resultado do exame histopatológico. O intervalo de confiança pré-estabelecido foi de 95%. Foram calculadas sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo do escore, e realizada uma análise através da curva ROC. RESULTADOS: a associação entre o escore de Alvarado e a confirmação diagnóstica utilizando como ponto de corte uma pontuação maior ou igual a seis encontrou-se significância estatística (P=0,002), com sensibilidade de 72% e especificidade de 87,5%. A pontuação maior ou igual a seis mostrou maior tendência a apresentar fases mais avançadas da apendicite aguda tanto no aspecto cirúrgico quanto histopatológico, quando comparado a uma pontuação menor que seis. O sexo masculino apresentou maiores chances de complicações quando comparado ao sexo feminino (P=0,003). CONCLUSÃO: o escore de Alvarado se mostrou um bom método para triagem diagnóstica na apendicite aguda, já que pontuações maiores ou iguais a seis estão associadas a uma probabilidade maior de confirmação diagnóstica e de quadros mais avançados da doença aguda.

Análise comparativa de características tomográficas de nódulos e massas pulmonares benignas e malignas / Comparative analysis of tomographic features of benign and malignant nodules and lung masses

Introdução: a análise quantitativa das características de nódulos e massas pulmonares por meio da tomografia computadorizada pode auxiliar o diagnóstico médico a estratificar o risco de malignidade. Objetivo: comparar características tomográficas de massas e nódulos pulmonares benignos e malignos, identificando a intensidade em escala de Hounsfield e padrões de textura. Método: estudo transversal, quantitativo, descritivo de levantamento. Foram selecionados prontuários de pacientes internados no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (HNSC) em Tubarão-SC, no ano de 2014 com diagnósticos de neoplasia benigna dos brônquios e do pulmão (NPB) (D143) e neoplasia maligna do lobo superior, do brônquio ou pulmão (NPM) (C34). Resultados: Foi observado que a chance para malignidade esteve relacionada ao sexo masculino OR=9,4 (IC 95% 1,7­51,1) com p=0,009, área>13,18 cm2 OR=14,6 (IC 95% 2,6­82,1) com p=0,002, nos parâmetros de textura, a correlação≤0,166550 OR=10,3 (IC 95% 2,1­49,2) com p=0,004 e momento inverso da diferença> 0,166550 OR=28,0 (IC 95% 4,2­184,3) com p=0,001. Conclusão: houve diferença entre os grupos NPB e NPM entre os parâmetros clínico-epidemiológicos e entre algumas características de textura analisadas.

Introduction: the quantitative analysis of the characteristics of nodules and lung masses by computed tomography can help the medical diagnosis to stratify the risk of malignancy. Objective: to compare the characteristics of benign and malignant pulmonary masses and nodules, identifying the intensity of the Hounsfield scale and texture patterns. Method: cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive survey. A selection of medical records was made, observing patients hospitalized at Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (HNSC) in Tubarão-SC in the year 2014 with diagnosis of benign neoplasms of the bronchi and lungs (BNL) (D143) and malignant neoplasms of the upper lobe, bronchus or lung (MNL) (C34). Results: It was observed that a chance for malignancy was related to male OR = 9.4 (95% CI 1.7-51.1) with p = 0.009, area> 13.18 cm2 OR = 14.6 (95% CI 2.6-82.1) with p = 0.002, in texture, the correlation <0.166550 OR = 10.3 (95% CI 2.1-49.2) with p = 0.004 and inverse difference time> 0.166550 OR = 28.0 (CI 95% 4.2-184.3) with p = 0.001. Conclusion: there was a difference between the BNL and MNL groups between the clinical-epidemiological criteria and some texture characteristics analyzed.

Respiratory mechanics, ventilator-associated pneumonia and outcomes in intensive care unit.

AIM: To evaluate the predictive capability of respiratory mechanics for the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted between, involving a sample of 120 individuals. Static measurements of compliance and resistance of the respiratory system in pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) and volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) modes in the 1st and 5th days of hospitalization were performed to monitor respiratory mechanics. The severity of the patients' illness was quantified by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II). The diagnosis of VAP was made based on clinical, radiological and laboratory parameters. RESULTS: The significant associations found for the development of VAP were APACHE II scores above the average (P = 0.016), duration of MV (P = 0.001) and ICU length of stay above the average (P = 0.003), male gender (P = 0.004), and worsening of respiratory resistance in PCV mode (P = 0.010). Age above the average (P < 0.001), low level of oxygenation on day 1 (P = 0.003) and day 5 (P = 0.004) and low lung compliance during VCV on day 1 (P = 0.032) were associated with death as the outcome. CONCLUSION: The worsening of airway resistance in PCV mode indicated the possibility of early diagnosis of VAP. Low lung compliance during VCV and low oxygenation index were death-related prognostic indicators.

Associação entre o escore de Alvarado, achados cirúrgicos e aspecto histopatológico da apendicite aguda / Association between the Alvarado score and surgical and histopathological findings in acute appendicitis

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o resultado do escore de Alvarado com os achados cirúrgicos e com os resultados do exame histopatológico do apêndice de pacientes operados por apendicite aguda. Métodos: estudo observacional com delineamento transversal de 101 pacientes com 14 anos de idade ou mais, submetidos à apendicectomia de urgência. A avaliação continha o escore de Alvarado, pontuação no escore, sexo, idade, etnia dos pacientes e tempo de evolução. Foi obtido o aspecto cirúrgico do apêndice, dados a respeito das complicações pós-operatórias e o resultado do exame histopatológico. O intervalo de confiança pré-estabelecido foi de 95%. Foram calculadas sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo do escore, e realizada uma análise através da curva ROC. Resultados: a associação entre o escore de Alvarado e a confirmação diagnóstica utilizando como ponto de corte uma pontuação maior ou igual a seis encontrou-se significância estatística (P=0,002), com sensibilidade de 72% e especificidade de 87,5%. A pontuação maior ou igual a seis mostrou maior tendência a apresentar fases mais avançadas da apendicite aguda tanto no aspecto cirúrgico quanto histopatológico, quando comparado a uma pontuação menor que seis. O sexo masculino apresentou maiores chances de complicações quando comparado ao sexo feminino (P=0,003). Conclusão: o escore de Alvarado se mostrou um bom método para triagem diagnóstica na apendicite aguda, já que pontuações maiores ou iguais a seis estão associadas a uma probabilidade maior de confirmação diagnóstica e de quadros mais avançados da doença aguda.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the results of the Alvarado score with the surgical findings and the results of the histopathological examination of the appendix of patients operated on for acute appendicitis. Methods: we conducted an observational study with a cross-sectional design of 101 patients aged 14 years and over undergoing emergency appendectomy. The evaluation comprised the Alvarado score, gender, age, ethnicity and time of evolution. We obtained data regarding the surgical aspect of the appendix, postoperative complications and the result of the histopathological examination. The pre-established confidence interval was 95%. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the score, and performed an analysis through the ROC curve. Results: we found a statistically significant (p=0.002) association between the Alvarado score and the diagnostic confirmation using a cutoff score of six or greater, with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 87.5%. A score greater than or equal to six showed a greater tendency to present more advanced stages of acute appendicitis in both surgical and histopathological findings when compared with a score lower than six. Males presented greater chances of complications when compared with females (p=0.003). Conclusion: the Alvarado score proved to be a good method for diagnostic screening in acute appendicitis, since scores greater than or equal to six are associated with a higher probability of diagnostic confirmation and more advanced stages of the acute disease.

Nível de independência, força de preensão manual e deambulação em idosos institucionalizados e idosos participantes de grupos de convivência / Level of independence, handgrip force and ambulation in elderly institutionalized and elderly participants of coexistence groups / Nivel de independencia, fuerza de preensión manual y deambulación en ancianos institucionalizados e participantes de grupos de convivencia

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram comparar o nível de independência, força de preensão manual (FPM) e deambulação em residentes de Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI) e Idosos de Grupos de Convivência (IGC), na cidade de Tubarão, SC. Foi realizada uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva e quantitativa. A independência total foi de 68,4% no IGC e de apenas 29,6% nos indivíduos de ILPI. O ILPI apresentou menor FPM e maior tempo de caminhada quando comparado ao IGC.

The aims of this study were to compare the level of independence, manual gripping force (MGF), and ambulation in residents of Long-Term Care Institutions for Elderly (LTCIE) and Elders of Cohabitation Groups (EGC) in the city of Tubarão-SC, Brazil. A transversal, descriptive and quantitative research was carried out. Total independence was 68.4% in the EGC, and only 29.6% in the LTCIE individuals. LTCIE had lower MGF and longer walking time when compared to EGC.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron comparar el nivel de independencia, fuerza de prensión manual (FPM) y deambulación en residentes de Instituciones de larga permanencia para ancianos (ILPA) y ancianos de grupos de convivencia (AGC) en la ciudad de Tubarão, SC. Se realizó una investigación transversal, descriptiva y cuantitativa. La independencia total fue del 68,4% en el AGC y de sólo el 29,6% en los individuos de ILPA. El ILPA presentó menor FPM y mayor tiempo de caminata cuando comparado al AGC.

Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica (PAVM): incidência e desfecho clínico em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva no sul de Santa Catarina / Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP): clinical outcome and impact on an Intensive Care Unit in south of Santa Catarina

Introdução: A pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) é uma infecção respiratória de difícil diagnóstico, caracterizada por manifestações clínicas, laboratoriais e radiológicas. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte prospectiva com 120 pacientes ventilados mecanicamente hospitalizados na UTI do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (HNSC), localizado em Tubarão ­ SC, entre fevereiro e agosto de 2013. Os pacientes foram acompanhados até os seguintes desfechos: alta ou óbito. Resultados: As principais causas de internação foram doenças do aparelho circulatório (35,8%) e doenças do aparelho respiratório (12,5%). A incidência da PAVM foi de 31,8%, e a mortalidade de 51,7%. O tempo médio de internação na UTI e de permanência na ventilação mecânica (VM) foram de 15,2 ± 11,1 e 13,1 ± 10,6 dias, respectivamente. Houve associação estatística para o desenvolvimento da PAVM o gênero masculino (p=0,004), tempo de VM (em dias) acima da média 18,4 ± 14,9 (p=0,001), e tempo de UTI (em dias) acima da média 20,4 ± 15,3 (p=0,003). Os fatores de risco para a mortalidade foram idade acima da média (p=0,001) e tempo de UTI acima da média (p=0,001). Conclusão: apesar de não haver associação entre PAVM e mortalidade, os resultados são similares ao encontrado em outros estudos.

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a respiratory infection difficult to diagnose, characterized by clinical, laboratory and radiological manifestations. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed involving 120 mechanically ventilated patients hospitalized in the ICU of the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição (HNSC), located in Tubarão - SC, between February and August 2013. Patients were followed until the following outcomes: discharge or death. Results: The main causes of hospitalization were diseases of the circulatory system (35,8%) and respiratory diseases (12,5%). The incidence of VAP was 31,8 % and the mortality was 51,7 %. The mean length of ICU stay and mechanical ventilation (MV) was 15,2 ± 11,1 and 13,1 ± 10,6 days, respectively. There is statistic association for the development of VAP the male gender (p=0,004), duration of mechanical ventilation (days) above average 18.4 ± 14.9 (p = 0,001), ICU stay (days) above average 20,4 ± 15,3 (p = 0,003). Risk factors for mortality were age above average (p=0,001) and ICU stay above average (p=0,001). Conclusion: although no association between VAP and mortality, the results are similar to that found in other studies.